Pensamiento Mágico, niños y rituales…
Pensamiento Mágico, un poco de historia..
Ríos de tinta han corrido en torno a este tema, interpretado por muchas ciencias y pseudociencias de diferente manera. El Pensamiento Mágico viene a representar el estado más primitivo del pensamiento. Surge como necesidad para dar respuesta a la incognoscibilidad de las causas que dan origen a los distintos fenómenos que se producen en la naturaleza exterior, e interior, (o mejor dicho a las manifestaciones inconscientes).
La historia del desarrollo del pensamiento determina que lo mágico toma cuerpo en el hombre cuando se da cuenta que las fuerzas de la naturaleza son más poderosas que él mismo. Surge cuando aún no poseía la inteligencia para comprender y ejercer dominio sobre las fuerzas de la misma. En buena medida, es la primera reacción o toma de conciencia del hombre, no tan sólo respecto de los fenómenos materiales que se operan en la naturaleza, sino que también como sistema de auto reafirmación para darle sentido y conformidad a su vida mortal e insignificante ante la temporalidad. En su esencia, la magia es una de las formas de la religión primitiva que se traduce en un conjunto de ritos que tienen por objeto influir sobre las personas, animales y espíritus, para obtener determinados resultados. En lo fundamental, la magia se basa en la creencia de que existe una conexión sobrenatural entre el hombre y el mundo que le circunda. La magia opera a través de un conjunto de actos (llaves de alineación) por los que un agente socialmente calificado para la manipulación ritual se relaciona con lo sagrado para atender las peticiones de sus clientes. Es una técnica que se aprende con conocimientos tomados de la tradición y tiene fines utilitarios. Puede ser magia blanca, si tiene por fin el bien o la protección, y negra, para hacer el mal.
A partir de estas distinciones podemos decir que los pensamientos más primitivos corresponden a aquellos estados en los cuales el hombre todavía no había logrado ni sus medios de defensa ni sus medios de explotación del mundo exterior. Por ello, el hombre se siente amenazado y se da cuenta de que depende no sólo de sus propios recursos, sino también de fuerzas que lo superan y lo rodean. Naturalmente, el hombre les asigna un carácter impenetrable, un carácter de misterio, y trata de suscitar fuerzas que trasciendan sus propias posibilidades. La magia se presenta como una actitud empírica que muestra una fe en lo incognoscible y en lo impenetrable cuya práctica se maneja a través de ritos, los que sobrevivirán y se incorporarán en las religiones modernas ulteriores, dando origen a los primeros arquetipos religiosos del inconsciente colectivo: “la virgen” representando la fecundidad, el falo representando la potencia, la luz representando el conocimiento y las bestias antropomorfas (demonios) representando los miedos.
En las diferentes etapas del desarrollo de un ser humano “moderno”, se atraviesa por diferentes estadios evolutivos, en base al estímulo exterior, protección y alimentación para lograr un equilibrado desarrollo físico y cognitivo.
PIAGET, JEAN (1896-1980): etapa pre operacional (2-7 años) en la que el pensamiento del niño es mágico y egocéntrico, creen que la magia puede producir acontecimientos y los cuentos de hadas les resultan atrayentes, además se cree el centro de todos los sucesos, que todas las cosas giran en torno a él, resultándole muy difícil ver las cosas desde otro punto de vista.
«El niño llora y mama aparece»
En esta etapa que describe Piaget, nuestra mente absorbe como una esponja lo que se nos diga, y vea en el entorno, tornándose como verdad absoluta.
Nuestro desarrollo fisico y cognitivo avanza, y esa etapa queda atrás, pero existe una dificultad: esta es una etapa fundamental ya que es cuando se desarrolla el súper yo (conjunto de normas morales, éticas, mandatos familiares etc.), que regirá el resto de nuestra vida, diciéndole al yo lo que puede y lo que no, y reprimiendo al inconsciente en lo que pasa a la consciencia y lo que no…. O mejor dicho, perpetuando aquella voz de los padres y entorno, para recordar de lo que somos capaces y lo que no. Claro, esto es el gran problema, ya que con que objetividad puede otro decidir que se puede y que no potencialmente? En el inconsciente el tiempo no existe, por lo tanto en él, convive el que fuimos hace 5 minutos con el que fuimos hace tres años, con el que fuimos en la adolescencia, y también claro, el que fuimos de niños… aquel niño con pensamiento mágico.. Aquel maravilloso niño con todo el potencial por desarrollar, y un inconsciente dispuesto a pulsional (impulsar) en favor de los deseos de un yo comenzando a desarrollarse. No está en discusión la enorme importancia del súper yo, claro… ya que sin el seriamos psicóticos… pero sí es importante poner en relieve, la gran necesidad de comprender que aquel niño con pensamiento mágico habita en nosotros, aquel niñ@ herido, aplastado, tiene el poder de la magia, o sea, si él lo acepta el inconsciente “moviliza” las fichas necesarias para que se logre.
Nuestro hemisferio cerebral derecho, relacionado con el aspecto artístico, expresivo, no racional, sino mágico, es igual de importante que el izquierdo, solo que desde el siglo XVll con el cogito cartesiano, todo cambio… y todavía sigue así, por lo menos en el mundo occidental, del cual formamos parte, queramos o no.
Poder llegar a ese niño y movilizarlo, convencerlo, resulta fundamental, a la hora de generar cambios significativos en nuestra vida.
Los actos mágicos impactan directamente sobre ese niño interior, el que todos tenemos dentro, siempre en base al tipo de sugestionabilidad del súper yo, y creencias del sujeto en general, pudiendo modificar, gracias a este “gran otro” (en este caso, el mago, el ritual o conjuro) determinados esquemas de pensamiento limitantes respecto de sí mismo o su entorno que no lo deja ser… Por ejemplo: “el dinero se gana solo con mucho esfuerzo”, o “ para triunfar hay que ser corrupto” o “ todos las hijas menores de esta familia de enferman luego de tener su primer hijo” o “ yo no sirvo para estudiar” o “soy un cobarde”, o “para ser buen@s hay que dar todo”, etc. etc. etc… nombres, y etiquetas puestas por personas influyentes en nuestra niñez y afirmada posteriormente por personas similares, ya que por una cuestión de instinto, buscamos relacionarnos con personas que nos ayuden a sostener esos esquemas, aunque parezca una locura… (y lo es). Detrás de eso está en juego, el miedo al abandono, a no sentirse amad@ etc, ya que quienes nos condicionaron fueron quienes nos criaron y educaron, y mal o bien fueron quienes ayudaron a que sigamos vivos, y eso pesa mucho en nuestro aparato psíquico a la hora de relacionarnos con nuevas personas, ya que creemos inconscientemente que si tienen rasgos similares a los de quienes “formaron” nuestro súper yo, seguiremos vivos, ya que gracias a los primeros, aquí estamos.
Claro, al comprenderlo y hacer algo al respecto, las estructuras cambian, El Niño oye.
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